In a nutshell, yes, in a photoperiod the circadian clock can be affected by stress, and the circadian clock can influence stress responses. The mechanism and the extent of the delay vary depending on the plant species and the severity of the stress. While plants can recover from stress, the process can involve a temporary or even permanent alteration of growth patterns. This can lead to a longer overall growth period, especially if the stress is significant or prolonged.
Not something you're going to notice with a singular topping or a little defoliation, though.
Stress is a very broad term and has a very complex operating system underneath the hood. Every stressor adds to the total "stress" I like to call it; each gene has a threshold for tolerance across the spectrum of stressors. The more you trigger a stress response, the more you promote desired gene expression across time.
Autoflowers don't follow same ruleset, while autoflowering cannabis strains are often marketed as easy to grow and resilient, they can actually be quite sensitive to stress, particularly delays in development. Unlike photoperiod strains, which can have their vegetative period extended to recover from stress, autoflowers have a fixed lifecycle and limited time to recover from setbacks. This means that stress, such as from overwatering, temperature fluctuations, or improper training, can significantly impact their growth and final yield.